Skema rangkaian sakelar tepuk IC741 dan CD4017

Skema rangkaian sakelar tepuk ini cukup sederhana namun cukup memuaskan. IC 741 sebagai op-amp (penguat) digabung dengan IC 4017 sebagai flip flop agar bisa on dan off. Lalu dihubungkan ke T1 sebagai penggerak (driver) Relay. Relay dihubungkan ke perangkat listrik atau elektronik lainnya.

Skema rangkaian sakelar tepuk

Resistor R2, R3 dan variabel resistor VR1 menyesuaikan sensitivitas penguat. Resistor R1 mengatur sensitivitas Mic. Pulsa Output diperkuat dari IC1 lolos ke input IC2 (CD 4017). Resistor R4 membuat input (pin14) dari IC2 rendah sehingga mencegah pemicu palsu.

IC2 adalah dekade IC counter yang ditransfer sebagai toggle switch. Itu outputnya 1 dan 2 (pin 2 dan 3) menjadi tinggi dan rendah ketika input pin14 menerima pulsa. Pin4 (output4) terhubung ke pin15 ulang sehingga penghitungan lebih lanjut akan terhambat. Output yang tinggi dari IC2 melewati pembatas arus R6 ke dasar switching transistor T1. Ketika T1 bekerja (mendapat tegangan) relaypun akan bekerja memberikan energi dan beban (bohlam atau peralatan listrik) akan diaktifkan. Tepukan berikutnya, pin output 2 menjadi rendah dan relay akan dimatikan. LED merah menunjukkan posisi OFF.

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Skema rangkaian sakelar tepuk IC7555

Berbagai cara untuk menyalakan peralatan listrik ataupun elektronik. Ada yang pakai remote control, ada yang pakai sensor gerak, sensor cahaya dan ada juga yang pakai sensor suara. Yang menggunakan sensor suara contohnya adalah Sakelar Tepuk. Sakelar Tepuk adalah sakelar yang digerakkan dengan suara tepukan tangan. Output dari rangkaian ini bisa difungsikan untuk apa saja salah satunya untuk menyalakan lampu. Rangkaian ini bisa bekerja pada tegangan 3Volt saja.

Daftar Komponen:

R1,R6___________12K  1/4W Resistors
R2_______________1M  1/4W Resistor
R3,R9____________6K8 1/4W Resistors
R4_____________220K  1/4W Resistor
R5_______________2M2 1/4W Resistor
R7,R10_________100K  1/4W Resistors
R8______________22K  1/4W Resistor

C1,C3__________220nF  63V Polyester Capacitors
C2,C4,C5________22nF  63V Polyester Capacitors
C6______________47µF  25V Electrolytic Capacitor

D1,D2_________1N4148  75V 150mA Diodes

IC1_____________7555 or TS555CN CMos Timer IC

Q1_____________BC550C 45V 100mA Low noise High gain NPN Transistor
Q2,Q3__________BC328  30V 800mA PNP Transistors

MIC1___________Miniature electret microphone

SW1_____________SPST  Switch

RL1_______________5V  DIL Reed-Relay SPDT (See Notes)

B1________________3V  Battery (2 x 1.5V AA, AAA Cells in series etc.)

Cara kerja rangkaian: 
Q1 bertindak sebagai penguat audio. IC1 timer sebagai monostable, memberikan sinyal output yang bersih dan waktu tunda yang wajar untuk memungkinkan penyakelaran yang tepat dari sirkuit bistable berikut. Sebuah rangkaian flip flop yang dibentuk oleh Q2, Q3 dan bagian terkait yang digunakan untuk tujuan  mendorong Relay secara langsung dan untuk memungkinkan operasi pasokan hanya 3V. Dengan penambahan rangkaian flip flop maka rangkaian ini bisa digunakan untuk menyalakan dan mematikan relay. Untuk menyalakan berikan satu tepukan dan untuk mematikan kembali berikan tepukan.

Sumber:  http://www.redcircuits.com

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Skema rangkaian mesin penetas telur otomatis

Skema rangkaian penetas telur otomatis ini cukup sederhana dan mudah untuk dibuat. Komponen utama dari rangkaian ini adalah thermistor. Thermistor adalah komponen atau sensor elektronika yang dipakai untuk mengukur suhu. Prinsip dasar dari termistor adalah perubahan nilai tahanan (atau hambatan atau werstan atau resistance) jika suhu atau temperatur yang mengenai termistor ini berubah. Dengan sensor ini tentunya kita bisa mengatur suhu ruangan sesuai dengan yang kita inginkan. Oleh karena itu skema rangkaian ini bisa dipakai untuk mesin penetas telur otomatis. Mesin penetas telur otomatis itu pada prinsipnya ketika suhu meningkat lebih dari seharusnya atau setelannya maka pemanas atau lampu akan padam atau kipas penyedot akan menyala. Dan ketika suhu ruangan melewati batas suhu terendah maka pemanas atau lampu akan menyala. Skema rangkaian yang saya berikan ini sangat tepat dengan prinsip atau cara kerja dari sebuah mesin penetas telur otomatis.

Skema rangkaian penetas telur otomatis

Transistor menggunakan jenis PNP misal  ZT2284 atau BC557 atau BD140

Ilustrasi penempatan alat:

Cara kerja rangkaian:

Suhu ruangan untuk mesin penetas telur biasanya 37.8° C atau 100° F. Ketika suhu ruangan diatas 38°C relay akan bekerja untuk menghidupkan kipas penyedot dan mematikan lampu. Ketika suhu ruangan turun dibawah 37° C maka relay mati dan lampupun menyala. Lamanya relay bekerja diatur oleh VR2 (Hysteresis= perbandingan suhu tertinggi dengan terendah). Perbedaan suhu hanya berkisar 0.5°-1°. . VR1 mengatur tinggi rendahnya suhu yang ingin dicapai. VR3 untuk menghaluskan pengaturan suhu yang ingin dicapai.

Catatan:
Relay yang digunakan menggunakan relay yang 2 Pin, Pin pertama untuk kipas, dan pin satunya lagi bisa digunakan untuk menyalakan dan mematikan lampu. Ketika relay mendapat tegangan atau lagi bekerja maka lampu mati demikian pula sebaliknya ketika relay tidak mendapat tegangan maka lampu menyala. Jadi tidak usah membuat rangkaian yang kedua.

Sumber:  http://www.craig.copperleife.com

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Skema Rangkaian Saklar Cahaya Otomatis

Skema Rangkaian Saklar Cahaya Otomatis ini sangat cocok untuk memberi penerangan sementara ketika suatu ruangan menjadi gelap akibat putusnya aliran listrik atau terjadi korsleting dan akan memberi penerangan selama jangka waktu tertentu antara 1 jam sampai dengan 5 jam bisa diatur.
Skema rangkaian:

Skema Rangkaian Saklar Cahaya Otomatis

The switch is a semiconductor relay S202DS2 and the oscillator is 4060.


Cara kerja rangkaian:
From the moment that T4 and T5 are opened, relay’s LED start to light and powers the lamp. As soon as one of the transistors is blocked the lamp will go OFF. The phototransistor T3 will be the one that blocks T5 if there is light that falls on T3. The T2′s base-emitter junction is connected in parallel with T3 and so will be blocked as long there is light. T2 will continuously resest IC1 whose counter outputs will be in “0″ state.

When the night falls R7 provides base current for T2 and the transistor starts to conduct. The counter can now starts to count the impulses from the internal oscillator and in this time the light will bulb will stay lit. After a time, when the output of Q13 goes in state “1″ T4 is blocked. This causes the relay’s LED to go off and the lamp too.

There is no need for external power supply because the light sensor switch is powered directly from the 220V mains. D1 … D5 diodes rectifies the voltage and C4 filters it.
C5 is working as a resistor so will need to have the working voltage of minimum 400V but the 630V is preferable.

S202DS2 is a Triac-Full-Wave-Output Optocoupler produced by Sharp Electronics in a TO-220 package.
The maximum peak-to-peak voltage is 600V, max on-state current is 8 Ampere and the input trigger current is 8 mA.

Caution! This circuit is powered directly from 220V. Attention will be given for appropriate isolation of the switch block.

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Rangkaian Sensor Parkir dengan Infra Merah

Skema Rangkaian Sensor Parkir dengan Infra Merah. This circuit can be used for an assist in parking the car near the garage wall backing up Pls. LED D7 illuminates Pls bumper-wall distance is about 20 cm., D7 + D6 illuminate at about 10 cm. and D7 + D6 + D5 at about 6 cm. In this manner you are alerted Pls approaching too close to the wall.

Car Parking Sensor circuit

All distances mentioned before can vary, depending on infra-red transmitting and receiving LEDs used and are mostly affected by the color of the reflecting surface. Black surfaces lower greatly the device sensitivity. Obviously, you can use this circuit in other applications like liquids level detection, proximity devices etc.

Note:

• The infra-red Photo Diode D2, should be of the type incorporating an optical sunlight filter: these components appear in black plastic cases. Some of them resemble TO92 transistors: in this case, please note that the sensitive surface is the curved, not the flat one.
• Avoid sun or artificial light hitting directly D1 & D2.
• If your car has black bumpers, you can line-up the infra-red diodes with the (mostly white) license or number plate.
• It is wiser to place all the circuitry near the infra-red LEDs in a small box. The 3 signaling LEDs can be placed far from the main box at an height making them well visible by the car driver.
• The best setup is obtained bringing D2 nearer to D1 (without a reflecting object) until D5 illuminates; then moving it a bit until D5 is clearly off. Usually D1-D2 optimum distance lies in the range 1.5-3 cm.

List Component of Car Parking Sensor circuit:

R1             : 10K
R2,R5,R6,R9    : 1K
R3             : 33R
R4,R11         : 1M
R7             : 4K7
R8             : 1K5
R10,R12-R14    : 1K
C1,C4          : 1µF/63V
C2             : 47pF
C3,C5          : 100µF
D1             : Infra-red LED
D2             : Infra-red Photo Diode (see Notes)
D3,D4          : 1N4148
D5-7           : LEDs (Any color and size)
IC1            : NE555
IC2            : LM324
IC3            : LM7812 

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Alarm Suhu Tinggi BC550

High Temperature Alarm Circuit

The circuit is small regulator of temperature, us warns for the increase of temperature. The control of temperature becomes from the thermistor TH1, that is negative factor. His resistance is altered between in the 10K in temperature 25° C and roughly in the 1K in their 94° C. The trimmer TR1 regulates the precise temperature in which the Q1-2, connected as darlington, conduct, making him relay K1 close also the buzzer BZ, sound. The alarm is activated when the temperature becomes bigger than predetermining. The thermistor it should he is placed far from the remainder circuit, in order that this is not in danger from the temperature. The supply of circuit becomes from battery 9V, but if he is placed in constant place, then we can him supply with one power supply . In the contacts of relay we can connect what load we want, as a lamb, other circuit k.a. Also can is added a LED, if we want to have also optical clue of excitation. The regulation becomes sinking him thermistor TH1, in water which we know the temperature of (the contacts should are well insulate so that do not have short-circuit) and regulating him trimmer, until excited the circuit. The cable that we connect the circuit with the TH1, should be plate

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Sensor IC LM35 based Overheat Detector Alarm Switch

This is Overheat Detector Alarm Switch using Temperature Sensor IC LM35 Electronic Suite Diagram, at the heart of this overhead detector (fire alarm) circuit is a precision integrated temperature sensor type LM35 (IC1), which provides an accurately linear and directly proportional output in mV, over the zero to +155 degrees C temperature range. This can be used as part of fire smoke detectors but do not use it as a home fire alarm system.
The LM35 develops an output voltage of 10 mV/K change in measured temperature.
Designed to draw a minimal current of its own,
the LM35 has very low self heating in still air.
Here the output of the LM35 is applied to the non-inverting input of a comparator wired around a CA3130 opamp (IC2). A voltage divider network R3-P1 sets the threshold voltage, at the inverting input of the opamp. The threshold voltage determines the adjustable temperature trip level at which the circuit is activated.
When the measured temperature exceeds the user-defined level, the comparator pulls its output High to approx. 2.2 V causing transistor T1 to be forward biased instantly. T2 is also switched on, supplying the oscillator circuit around IC3 with sufficient voltage to start working. The 555 set up in astable mode directly drives active piezoelectric buzzer Bz1 to raise a loud alert. Components R7, R8 and C4 determine the on/off rhythm of the sounderA transistor based relay driver may be driven off the emitter of T1 (TP1). Similarly, replacing the piezo sounder with a suitable relay allows switching of high-power flashers, sirens or horns working on the AC mains supply.

Source: electrosuite.com

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Dark Detector (Deteksi Kegelapan)

The dark detector circuit shown here can be used to produce an audible alarm when the light inside a room goes OFF. The circuit is build around timer IC NE555.A general purpose LDR is used for sensing the light. When proper light is falling on the LDR its resistance is very low. When there is no light the LDR resistance increases. At this time the IC is triggered and drives the buzzer to produce an alarm sound. If a transistor and relay is connected at the output (pin3) of IC1 instead of the buzzer, electrical appliances can be switched according to the light.


Notes

• The LDR ,R4 can be any general purpose LDR.
• The circuit must be assembled on a good quality PCB or common board.
• The circuit can be powered from a 9V PP3 battery.
• The POT,R3 can be sued as a volume controller.
• Mount the IC1 on a holder.It will make replacements easy.

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Rangkaian Detektor Kedekatan dengan Infra Merah (Infrared Proximity Detector)

Detektor kedekatan ini menggunakan detektor inframerah, dapat digunakan dalam berbagai peralatan seperti pembuka pintu otomatis dan alarm pencuri. Sirkuit yang utama terdiri dari pemancar inframerah dan penerima inframerah. Bagian pemancar terdiri dari IC pewaktu 555 dalam mode
astable. Ini adalah kabel seperti yang ditunjukkan pada gambar. Output dari astabil diumpankan ke LED inframerah melalui resistor R4, yang membatasi operasi saat ini. Sirkuit ini menyediakan output frekuensi dari 38 kHz pada 50 persen siklus, yang diperlukan untuk modul detektor / penerima inframerah. Siemens SFH5110-38 adalah pilihan yang jauh lebih baik dari SFH506-38. Siemens SFH5110-38 dihidupkan dengan frekuensi berkelanjutan dari 38 kHz dengan 50 persen siklus, sedangkan SFH506 membutuhkan frekuensi ledakan 38k untuk akal. Oleh karena itu, SFH5110-38 digunakan.

 The receiver section comprises an infrared receiver module, a 555 monostable multivibrator, and an LED indicator. Upon reception of infrared signals, 555 timer (mono) turns on and remains on as long as infrared signals are received. When the signals are interrupted, the mono goes off after a few seconds (period=1.1 R7xC6) depending upon the value of R7-C6 combination. Thus if R7=470 kilo-ohms and C6=4.7µF, the mono period will be around 2.5 seconds.

Fig. 2: Proposed arrangement for separation of IR LED and receiver module in the proximity detector

Both the transmitter and the receiver parts can be mounted on a single breadboard or PCB. The infrared receiver must be placed behind the infrared LED to avoid false indication due to infrared leakage. An object moving nearby actually reflects the infrared rays emitted by the infrared LED. The infrared receiver has sensitivity angle (lobe) of 0-60 degrees, hence when the reflected IR ray is sensed, the mono in the receiver part is triggered. The output from the mono may be used in any desired fashion. For example, it can be used to turn on a light when a person comes nearby by energising a relay. The light would automatically turn off after some time as the person moves away and the mono pulse period is over. The sensitivity of the detector depends on current-limiting resistor R4 in series with the infrared LED. Range is approximately 40 cm. For 20-ohm value of R4 the object at 25 cm can be sensed, while for 30-ohm value of R4 the sensing range reduces by 22.5 cm.

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Colour Sensor (Pendeteksi Warna)

Colour sensor is an interesting project for hobbyists. The cir- cuit can sense eight colours, i.e. blue, green and red (primary colours); magenta, yellow and cyan (secondary colours); and black and white. The circuit is based on the fundamentals of optics and digital electronics. The object whose colour is required to be detected should be placed in front of the system. The light rays reflected from the object will fall on the three convex lenses which are fixed in front of the three LDRs. The convex lenses are used to converge light rays. This helps to increase the sensitivity of LDRs. Blue, green and red glass plates (filters) are fixed in front of LDR1, LDR2 and LDR3 respectively. When reflected light rays from the object fall on the gadget, the coloured filter glass plates determine which of the LDRs would get triggered. The circuit makes use of only ‘AND’ gates and ‘NOT’ gates.


When a primary coloured light ray falls on the system, the glass plate corresponding to that primary colour will allow that specific light to pass through. But the other two glass plates will not allow any light to pass through. Thus only one LDR will get triggered and the gate output corresponding to that LDR will become logic 1 to indicate which colour it is. Similarly, when a secondary coloured light ray falls on the system, the two primary glass plates corres- ponding to the mixed colour will allow that light to pass through while the remaining one will not allow any light ray to pass through it. As a result two of the LDRs get triggered and the gate output corresponding to these will become logic 1 and indicate which colour it is.
When all the LDRs get triggered or remain untriggered, you will observe white and black light indications respectively. Following points may be carefully noted :
1. Potmeters VR1, VR2 and VR3 may be used to adjust the sensitivity of the LDRs.
2. Common ends of the LDRs should be connected to positive supply.
3. Use good quality light filters.
The LDR is mounded in a tube, behind a lens, and aimed at the object. The coloured glass filter should be fixed in front of the LDR as shown in the figure. Make three of that kind and fix them in a suitable case. Adjustments are critical and the gadget performance would depend upon its proper fabrication and use of correct filters as well as light conditions

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Rangkaian Sensor Parkir Mobil

This is circuit can be used for sensing the distance between the rear bumper of the car and any obstacle behind the car. The distance can be understood from the combination of the LEDs (D5 to D7) glowing. At 25cm D7 will glow, at 20 cm D7&D6 will glow and at 5cm D7, D6 and D5 will glow. When the obstacle is beyond 25 cm none of the above LEDs will glow.

Skema rangkaian receiver sensor parkir mobil

Skema rangkaian transmitter sensor parkir mobil

Note:

• D1 & D2 must be mounted close (~2cm)
• D1 can be a general purpose IR LED.
• D2 can be general purpose IR photo diode with sun filter.
• Transmitter as well as receiver can be powered from the car battery.
• For proper working of the circuit, some trial and error is needed with the position of D1 and D2 on the dash board.

Two ICs are used in the circuit. The IC1 (NE555) is wired as an astable multivibrator for driving the IR Diode D1 to emit IR pulses. The operating frequency of the transmitter is set to be 120Hz.The IR pulses transmitted by D1 will be reflected by the obstacle and received by the D2 (IR photo diode).The received signal will be amplified by IC2a.The peak of the amplified signal will be detected by the diode D4 and capacitor C4.R5 and R6 compensates the forward voltage drop of D4.The output voltage of the peak detector will be proportional to the distance between car’s bumper and obstacle. The output of peak detector is given to the inputs of the other three comparators IC2b,IC2c and IC2d inside the IC2(LM324).The comparators switch the status LEDs according to the input voltage their inverting inputs and reference voltages at their non inverting inputs. Resistances R7 to R10 are used to set the reference voltages for the comparators.

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Theft-Preventer-Alarm (Alarm anti maling)

 This circuit utilising a 555 timer IC can be used as an alarm system to prevent the theft of your luggage, burglars breaking into your house etc. The alarms goes ON when a thin wire, usually as thin as a hair is broken.
The circuit is straightforward. It uses a 555 IC wired as an astable multivibrator to produce a tone of frequency of about 1kHz which gives out a shrill noise to scare away the burglar.
The wire used to set off the alarm can be made of a thin copper wire like SWG 36 or higher.
You can even use single strands of copper form a power cable.

The circuit operates on a wide range of voltages from 5V to 15V.
The speaker and the circuit could be housed inside a tin can with holes drilled on the speaker side for the sound to come out.

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Rain Detector Alarm (Alarm Pendeteksi Air Hujan)

This circuit gives out an alarm when its sensor is wetted by water.
A 555 astable multivibrator is used here which gives a tone of about 1kHz upon detecting water.
The sensor when wetted by water completes the circuit and makes the 555 oscillate at about 1kHz.



The sensor is also shown in the circuit diagram.
It has to placed making an angle of about 30 - 45 degrees to the ground. This makes the rain water to flow through it to the ground and prevents the alarm from going on due to the stored water on the sensor.
The metal used to make the sensor has to be aluminium and not copper. This is because copper forms a blue oxide on its layer on prolonged exposure to moisture and has to be cleaned regularly.
The aluminium foils may be secured to the wooden / plastic board via epoxy adhesive or small screws.
The contact X and Y from the sensor may be obtained by small crocodile clips or you may use screws.

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FM radio-controlled anti-theft alarm

This FM radio-controlled anti- theft alarm can be used with any vehicle having 6- to 12-volt DC supply system. The mini VHF, FM transmitter is fitted in the vehicle at night when it is parked in the car porch or car par







 
The receiver unit with CXA1019, a single IC-based FM radio module, which is freely available in the market at reasonable rate, is kept inside. Receiver is tuned to the transmitter's frequency. When the transmitter is on and the signals are being received by FM radio receiver, no hissing noise is available at the output of receiver. Thus transistor T2 (BC548) does not conduct. This results in the relay driver transistor T3 getting its forward base bias via 10k resistor R5 and the relay gets energised. When an intruder tries to drive the car and takes it a few metres away from the car porch, the radio link between the car (transmitter) and alarm (receiver) is broken. As a result FM radio module gene-rates hissing noise. Hissing AC signals are coupled to relay switching circ- uit via audio transformer. These AC signals are rectified and filtered by diode D1 and capacitor C8, and the resulting positive DC voltage provides a forward bias to transistor T2. Thus transistor T2 conducts, and it pulls the base of relay driver transistor T3 to ground level. The relay thus gets de-activated and the alarm connected via N/C contacts of relay is switched on. If, by chance, the intruder finds out about the wireless alarm and disconnects the transmitter from battery, still remote alarm remains activated because in the absence of signal, the receiver continues to produce hissing noise at its output. So the burglar alarm is fool-proof and highly reliable

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Gas leak detector schematic (Pendeteksi Kebocoran Gas)

Here is a gas leak detector circuit that detects the leakage of LPG gas and alerts the user through audio-visual indications. The circuit operates off a 9V PP3 battery. Zener diode ZD1 is used to convert 9V into 5V DC to drive the gas sensor module.

Gas leak detector schematic

The gas leakage circuit uses the SEN-1327 gas sensor module from RhydoLABZ. Its output goes high when the gas level reaches or exceeds certain point. A preset in the module is used to set the threshold. Interfacing with the sensor module is done through a 4-pin SIP header.
Pin details of the gas sensor module are shown in Fig. 2. An MQ-6 gas sensor is used in the gas sensor module. The sensor can also be used to detect combustible gases, especially methane.


Whenever there is LPG concentration of 1000 ppm (parts per million) in the area, the OUT pin of the sensor module goes high. This signal drives timer IC 555, which is wired as an astable multivibrator. The multivibrator basically works as a tone generator.
Output pin 3 of IC 555 is connected to LED1 and speaker-driver transistor SL100 through current-limiting resistors R5 and R4, respectively. LED1 glows and the alarm sounds to alert the user of gas leakage. The pitch of the tone can be changed by varying preset VR1. Use a suitable heat-sink for transistor SL100.

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Rain Detector Circuit (Detektor Hujan)

Skema Rangkaian Detektor Hujan

Rangkaian ini sangat berguna untuk memberitahu kita bahwa hujan akan segera terjadi. Apalagi saat kita sedang menjemur pakaian. cara kerjanya cukup sederhana saat kita sedang nonton TV atau bahkan tertidur jika ada hujan turun maka secara otomatis rangkaian akan membunyikan alarm sehingga kita dapat segera memasukkan jemuran ke dalam rumah (asal kita terbangun saat mendengarnya.....).

Prinsip kerja rangkaian cukup sederhana. supaya lebih memahami prinsip kejanya coba lihat gambar rangkaian berikut.





angkaian ini akan menggunakan IC555 yaitu ic timer. pada aplikasi ini kita gunakan sebagai pembangkit sinyal kotak dengan frekuensi 1 KHz. Pada titik A-B kita hubungkan ke sensor air yang kita buat sendiri. Jika titik AB terhubung maka IC 555 akan mengahasilkan sinyal kotak pada kaki no 3 sehingga speaker akan berbunyi.

Untuk membuat sensor air sebenarnya terserah ukurannya yang jelas semakin lebar/besar semakin bagus karena kemungkinan tetes air hujan menganai papan semakin besar. dan jangan lupa meletakkan sensor air di luar rumah suapaya saat terkena air hujan sensor mejadi aktif. untuk aluminium foil kita bisa menggunakan bekas pembungkus makanan ringan.

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Rangkaian Alarm Anti Maling dgn LDR

Skema Rangkaian Alarm dengan LDR

Pengertian rangkaian dan sistem digital erat kaitannya dengan pengertian rangkaian dan sistem pada bidang elektronika. Rangkaian elektronika didefinisikan sebagai kesatuan dari komponen-komponen elektronika baik pasif maupun aktif yang membentuk suatu fungsi pengolahan sinyal (signal processing). Dalam hal ini komponen pasif adalah komponen elektronika yang dalam operasinya tidak memerlukan catu daya dan sifatnya tidak dapat melakukan penguatan terhadap arus atau tegangan listrik, sedangkan
komponen aktif adalah komponen elektronika yang dalam operasinya memerlukan catu daya dan memiliki sifat dapat menguatkan sinyal atau tegangan listrik. Contoh komponen pasif adalah resistor, kapasitor, dan induktor, sedangkan contoh komponen aktif adalah transistor. Jenis pengolahan sinyal antara lain adalah penguatan sinyal (amplification), pembangkitan sinyal (oscillation), dan pemodulasian (modulation).

ALAT DAN BAHAN YANG DIPERLUKAN

• Daftar komponen yang digunakan
• Resistor : R1 = 2 K 2 R4 = 2 K 2
• R2 = 4 K 7 R5 = 1 K
• R3 = 1 K
• Kapasitor : C = 150µF / 12 VDC
• Transistor : TR = BC178
• SCR : Type SS 3328 atau FIR 3D
• LDR : Type ORP 12
• BUZZER : 6VDC
• SAKLAR : S = Saklar SPDT
• BATERAI : 6VDC

CARA KERJA RANGKAIAN
Rangkaian alarm ini sangat cocok dipakai untuk mengusir tamu tak diundang atau pencuri. Sebagai komponen utama adalah sebuah sensor yaitu berupa komponen LDR (Light Different Resistance) yang dipasang pada tempat tersembunyi namun mendapat cahaya lampu penerangan yang ada.

Rangkaian alarm ini akan berbunyi apabila ada cahaya yang menyinari LDR terpotong/terhalang oleh orang atau sebuah gerakan yang lewat sensor tersebut.
Telah kita ketahui bahwa komponen-komponen elektronika yang dibutuhkan untuk merangkai alarm diatas mempunyai cara kerja sendiri-sendiri yaitu:

1. Resistor berfungsi sebagai tahanan listrik yang mempunyai besar tahanan sesuai dengan warna-warna yang ditunjukkan pada transistor.
2. Kapasitor berfungsi untuk menyimpan muatan listrik. Kapasitor yang digunakan dalam rangkaian alarm ini adalah kapasitor elektrolisis jenis elektrolisis aluminium. Kapasitor jenis ini memiliki terminal positif dan terminal negatif. Kedua terminal ini harus disambungkan dengan polaritas yang benar.
3. Transistor berfungsi untuk mengalirkan arus melalui terminal emitor dengan polaritas paling negatif, terminal kolektor beberapa volt lebih positif dibandingkan terminal emitor lainnya dan terminal basis lebih positif 0,7 V daripada terminal emitor lainnya.
4. SCR fungsinya hampir sama dengan Transistor yaitu untuk mengalirkan arus melalui terminal emitor dengan polaritas paling negatif, terminal kolektor beberapa volt lebih positif dibandingkan terminal emitor lainnya dan terminal basis lebih positif 0,7 V daripada terminal emitor lainnya.
5. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) yang terdiri dari sebuah piringan bahan semikonduktor dengan dua buah elektroda pada permukaannya. Di bawah cahaya yang cukup terang, banyak elektron yang melepaskan diri dari atom-atom bahan semikonduktor sehingga nilai tahanan listrik bahan rendah. Dan sebaliknya apabila dalam gelap atau dibawah cahaya yang redup, bahan piringan hanya mengandung elektron bebas dalam jumlah yang relatif sangat kecil sehingga nilai tahanan bahan sangat tinggi sehingga alarm dapat bekerja.
6. Buzzer (speaker) berfungsi sebagai penghasil suara alarm.
7. saklar SPDT (Single-Pole, Double-Throw) berfungsi untuk menyambung dan memutuskan arus listrik yang mengalir pada alarm.
8. Baterai berfungsi sebagai sumber daya pada alarm.

Apabila saklar pertama dihidupkan, maka alarm yang bekerja adalah alarm yang pertama yaitu yang diletakkan pada pintu rumah. Sehingga apabila ada seorang maling yang masuk kedalam rumah melalui pintu, maka cahaya yang menyinari sensor (LDR) akan terpotong dan alarm akan berbunyi.

Jika saklar kedua dihidupkan, maka alarm yang bekerja adalah alarm yang kedua yang diletakkan pada ruangan atau bagian dalam rumah. Dimana cara kerja rangakaian alarm yang kedua, apabila ada orang yang bergerak didalam ruangan tersebut, maka akan mengakibatkan cahaya yang menyinari sensor (LDR) akan terhalang dan alarm akan berbunyi.

Sedangkan apabila kedua saklar dihidupkan, maka alarm yang bekerja adalah kedua-duanya, sehingga apabila ada seorang pencuri yang masuk melalui pintu maupun terdapat gerakan didalam ruangan rumah maka alarm akan berbunyi, dan sebaliknya apabila kedua saklar alarm dimatikan maka tidak ada alarm yang bekerja.

Dari pembahasan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa rangkaian alarm anti maling tersebut dapat berbunyi ketika sensor (LDR) dalam keadaan gelap atau tidak mendapat cahaya lampu, karena jika sensor (LDR) dalam keadaan gelap mempunyai tahanan yang lebih tinggi daripada sensor (LDR) dalam keadaan yang tersinari cahaya, sehingga alarm dapat bekerja atau berbunyi.

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Indikator Ketinggian Air With Seven Segmen

Skema Rangkaian Indikator Ketinggian Air

Indikator ketinggian air utk tabung are based upon the number of LEDs that glow to indicate the corresponding level of water in the container. Here we present a digital version of the water-level indicator. It uses a 7-segment display to show the water level in numeric form from'0' to '9.' The circuit works off 5V regulated power supply. It is built around priority encoder IC 74HC147 (IC1), BCD-to-7-segment decoder IC CD4511 (IC2), 7-segment display LTS543 (DIS1) and a few discrete components. Due to high input impedance, IC1 senses water in the container from its nine input terminals. The inputs are connected to +5V via 560-kilo-ohm resistors.
The ground terminal of the sensor must be kept at the bottom of the container (tank). IC 74HC147 has nine active-low inputs and converts the active input into active-low BCD output. The input L-9 has the highest priority. The outputs of IC1 (A, B, C and D) are fed to IC2 via transistors T1 through T4. This logic inverter is used to convert the active-low output of IC1 into active-high for IC2. The BCD code received by IC2 is shown on 7-segment display LTS543. Resistors R18 through R24 limit the current through the display.

When the tank is empty, all the inputs of IC1 remain high. As a result, its output also remains high, making all the inputs of IC2 low. Display LTS543 at this stage shows ' 0, ' which means the tank is empty. Similarly, when the water level reaches L-1 position, the display shows '1, 'and when the water level reaches L-8 position, the display shows '8.' Finally, when the tank is full, all the inputs of IC1 become low and its output goes low to make all the inputs of IC2 high. Display LTS543 now shows '9,' which means the tank is full. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a box. Mount 7-segment LTS543 on the front panel of the box. For sensors L-1 though L-9 and ground, use corrosion-free conductive-metal (stainless-steel) strips.

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Rangkaian Pendeteksi Air Hujan sederhana

circuit of rain detector uses a sensor made of a small piece of etched PC board and a simple SCR circuit to detect rain and sound a buzzer. The SCR could also be used to activate a relay, turn on a lamp, or send a signal to a security system.

Circuit of rain detector

Component list of rain detector

• R1 1K 1/4 W Resistor
• R2 680 Ohm 1/4 W Resistor
• D1 1N4001 Silicon Diode
• BZ1 12V Buzzer
• S1 SPST Switch
• SCR1 C106B1 SCR 106CY
• SENSOR

The sensor is a small piece of PC board etched to the pattern showen in the schematic. The traces should be very close to each other, but never touching. A large spiral pattern would also work.

Make sure to use a loud buzzer.

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Rangkaian Saklar sentuh Berbasis IC 555

Saklar sentuh Berbasis IC 555

This is the simple circuit of diagram of a small touch using IC NE 555 . This circuit is ideally useful for making touch operated doorbells, buzzers, toys etc which when touched on the touch plate operates the relay for a preset time and the turns off automatically.

the circuit is realized by utilizing the high input impedance of trigger pin of the IC 555. When the IC is triggered by the induced voltage of human body the output goes high for a time determined by R1 and C1. The transistor is used to drive the relay. The relay contacts can be used to drive the load like bell, motor , lights etc.

To setup the circuit connect to power supply and adjust R1 while keeping touching on the touch plate. Stop at the point where relay activates.If relay is in the activated state initially then do the same until the relay is deactivated.

functions of each pin IC 555

1. Ground, is the input pin of the source of the negative DC voltage
2. trigger, negative input from the lower comparators (comparator B) that maintain oscillation capacitor voltage in the lowest 1 / 3 Vcc and set RS flip-flop
3. output, the output pin of the IC 555.
4. reset, the pin that serves to reset the latch inside the IC to be influential to reset the IC work. This pin is connected to a PNP-type transistor gate, so the transistor will be active if given a logic low. Normally this pin is connected directly to Vcc to prevent reset
5. control voltage, this pin serves to regulate the stability of the reference voltage negative input (comparator A). This pin can be left hanging, but to ensure the stability of the reference comparator A, usually associated with a capacitor of about 10nF to berorde pin groun
6. threshold, this pin is connected to the positive input (comparator A) which will reset the RS flip-flop when the voltage on the capacitor from exceeding 2 / 3 Vc
7. discharge, this pin is connected to an open collector transistor Q1 is connected to ground emitternya. Switching transistor serves to clamp the corresponding node to ground on the timing of certain
8. vcc, pin it to receive a DC voltage supply. Usually will work optimally if given a 5-15V. the current supply can be seen in the datasheet, which is about 10-15mA.

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